Which is a complete listing of the PRECEDE and PROCEED phases?

• A. PRECEDE phases: Social assessment, Economic assessment, Policy assessment, Educational assessment, Evaluation; PROCEED phases: Public dissemination, Sustainability evaluation
• B. PRECEDE phases: Community survey, Data collection, Resource allocation; PROCEED phases: Implementation, Review
• C. PRECEDE phases: Diagnosis, Planning; PROCEED phases: Monitoring, Evaluation
• D. PRECEDE phases: Social diagnosis, Epidemiological diagnosis, Behavioral and environmental diagnosis, Administrative and policy diagnosis, Educational and ecological assessment; PROCEED phases: Implementation, Process evaluation, Impact evaluation, Outcome evaluation

Answer: (D)

This question tests knowledge of the full set of phases in the PRECEDE–PROCEED planning model used for health program design and evaluation. In PRECEDE, you start by diagnosing the social situation or social diagnosis (the quality-of-life problems you’re aiming to address). Then you move to epidemiological diagnosis, linking those social problems to patterns of disease and health issues, along with the behavioral and environmental factors that help explain them. Next is the behavioral and environmental diagnosis, which identifies the specific determinants—predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors—and the environmental conditions that influence behavior and health outcomes. After that comes administrative and policy diagnosis, which looks at organizational and policy factors that could affect program delivery. Finally, educational and ecological assessment integrates those determinants with educational strategies and the broader ecological context to shape the intervention design.

PROCEED then covers what happens after planning: Implementation, followed by Process evaluation (checking how the program is being delivered), Impact evaluation (assessing changes in immediate determinants and behavioral factors), and Outcome evaluation (measuring long-term health outcomes). This sequence is why the complete listing shown in the option that includes social, epidemiological, behavioral and environmental, administrative and policy diagnoses, educational and ecological assessment, followed by implementation and the three levels of evaluation is the correct one.

The other options mix in nonstandard phase names or omit whole phases, so they don’t align with the established PRECEDE–PROCEED structure.